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Machining Operations Using Lathe, Drilling and Milling Equipment

Machining is a broad term used to describe the process, wherein a piece of raw material is cut into a desired final shape and size by a controlled material-removal process. It includes several general processes which fall into several categories; Turning, Drilling and Milling.

• Turning operations rotate the workpiece as the primary method of moving metal against the cutting tool.
• Milling operations are operations in which the cutting tool rotates to bring cutting edges to bear against the workpiece.
• Drilling operations refers to holes produced or refined by bringing a rotating cutter with cutting edges at the lower extremity into contact with the workpiece.

Processes involving controlled material removal are collectively known as subtractive manufacturing.

• Boring : Produces precise circular internal profiles.
• Chamfering : Transitional edge between two faces of an object. A form of bevel, created at 45° angle to two adjoining right-angled faces.
• Counterboring : A cylindrical flat-bottomed hole that enlarges another coaxial hole. A counterbore hole is typically used when a fastener, such as a socket head cap screw, is required to sit flush with or below the level of a workpiece's surface.
• Countersinking : Whereas a counterbore is a flat-bottomed enlargement of a smaller coaxial hole, a countersink is a conical enlargement of such. A spotface often takes the form of a very shallow counterbore.
• Drilling : Using a drill bit to cut a hole of circular cross-section in solid materials.
• Facing : Cutting a face, which is a planar surface, onto the workpiece.
• Filing : Material removal process in manufacturing. Similar to both sawing and grinding in effect, it is functionally versatile, but used mostly for finishing operations, namely in deburring operations.
• Forming : Fashioning metal parts and objects through mechanical deformation; the workpiece is reshaped without adding or removing material, and its mass remains unchanged.
• Grinding : An abrasive machining process that uses a grinding wheel as the cutting tool.
• Grooving : A non-rotary tool bit, describes a helix toolpath by moving more or less linearly while the workpiece rotates.
• Knurling : A pattern of straight, angled or crossed lines is rolled into the material
• Milling : Machining process using rotary cutters to remove material from a workpiece by advancing the cutter into the workpiece at a certain direction.
• Reaming : The process of enlarging the hole is called reaming. Whether precision reaming for high level accuracy or basic reaming for enlargment and/or removing burrs.
• Parting : A blade-like cutting tool plunged directly into the workpiece to cut off the workpiece at a specific length.
• Polishing : A blade-like cutting tool plunged directly into the workpiece to cut off the workpiece at a specific length.
• Taper Turning : A non-rotary tool bit, describes a helix toolpath by moving more or less linearly while the workpiece rotates.
• Tapping : Taps and dies are tools used to create screw threads. A tap is used to form the female portion of the mating pair, (e.g. a nut).
• Threading (external, internal) : A die is used to cut or form the male portion of the mating pair (e.g. a bolt), referred to as threading.
• Thread Milling : Produces threads with the circular ramping movement of a rotating tool. The lateral movement of the tool in one revolution creates the thread pitch.

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